Figure 1 Schematic drawing of the portable RIP system. The RIP transducers encircling the rib cage and abdomen consist of shielded electrical wires arranged in a sinusoidal array and sewn into a snugly fitting, elastic garment directly worn against the skin. The transducers are connected along with the ECG electrodes to a signal-processing and signal-recording unit that was the size of a palmtop computer. It was worn on a belt or in a pouch. Portable electronic devices are increasingly subjected to harsh outdoor environments. Vent development, design, prototyping and testing for new. Pore size micron. Donaldson acoustic media can be used in BTE, ITE and Assistive Hearing Devices. I’m about to give you a list of the 20 top-rated, best portable ice maker reviews. From this list, you’ll easily pick the most suitable for you. ![]() The pulse oximeter sensor and the accelerometers incorporated in the garment, and connected to the same recorder, are not shown. Figure 2 Representative recordings obtained in a healthy female patient ( top, A), and a male patient with COPD ( bottom, B). The left panels include recordings over the entire exercise duration. Walking can be identified in the signal of an accelerometer incorporated in the garment and arranged to provide a qualitative measure of acceleration in the spinal axis. In the patient with COPD ( bottom, B, left), the increase in end-expiratory lung volume suggesting dynamic hyperinflation can be appreciated with progressive exercise in the sum signal of the inductive plethysmograph operated in DC mode. The end-expiratory lung volume level at the beginning of exercise is assigned a value of 0 L on the volume scales. The right panels show several breaths during maximal exercise. Minor deflections superimposed onto respiratory waveforms of the inductance signals are related to body movements. These artifacts do not affect accurate breath detection by the computer algorithm, as can be verified by the vertical lines reflecting the breath-by-breath values of i. Sum = inductive plethysmographic sum volume signal; RC = rib cage volume signal; AB = abdominal volume signal; HR = heart rate. Figure 3 Identity plots of i ( top left, A), V t ( middle left, C), and T t ( bottom left, E) recorded by RIP vs corresponding values by the flowmeter in 10 healthy subjects without backpack (○), 10 subjects with backpack (•), 6 patients with COPD (▵), and 5 patients with CHF (▴). Each of the 31 individuals is represented by four data points representing mean values averaged over periods of 20 breaths, respectively, over the course of progressive stages of exercise intensity up to exhaustion. All paired values of T t fall within ± 5% of identity, and values of i and V t fall within ± 10% of identity. Right top, B, middle right, D, and bottom right, F: plots of differences in i, V t, and T t, respectively, measured by the two methods (expressed in percent) vs their mean value. The full and dashed lines represent the mean difference (bias) and the limits of agreement (± 2 SDs of the bias), respectively. Breath-by-breath comparisons between the inductance plethysmograph and pneumotachograph over the course of progressive exercise to exhaustion revealed no significant bias of respiratory cycle time, tidal volume (V t), and minute ventilation. The corresponding limits of agreement (bias ± 2 SDs) were ± 6%, ±17%, and ± 17%, respectively, for 2,480 breaths. Comparisons of mean values averaged over 20 breaths revealed improved limits of agreement of ± 1% for cycle time, and ± 7% for tidal volume and minute ventilation, respectively, for 124 comparisons. Agreement between methods was similar for patients and healthy subjects. Among the patients, maximal minute ventilation was lower, and breathing was more rapid and shallow than in healthy subjects. Obstructive lung disease was associated with a shorter duty cycle than heart failure. Spirometric assessment of lung function and evaluation of the ventilatory response to exercise by standard techniques requires patient cooperation and airway instrumentation. Since these measurements alter the breathing pattern and ventilation, x 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092, x 2 Perez, W and Tobin, MJ. Separation of factors responsible for changes in breathing pattern induced by instrumentation. J Appl Physiol. 1985; 59: 1515–1520 and are usually performed in a laboratory, they may not reflect ventilation during usual daily physical activities of patients at their home or workplace. Portable equipment for unobtrusive and cooperation-independent monitoring of ventilation in ambulatory patients would therefore be desirable. Chest surface sensors of an inductive plethysmograph or magnetometer have been used for noninvasive ventilatory monitoring during sleep and for physiologic research, but the application of these techniques in an ambulatory setting has been hampered by the lack of portable equipment and by the tendency of conventional sensors to dislocate with body motion. X 3 Sackner, MA and Krieger, BP. Noninvasive respiratory monitoring. Heart-lung interactions in health and disease. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY; 1989: 663–805 ( Scharf, SM Cassidy, SS eds), x 4 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Sackner, MA et al. Breathing pattern during sleep disruptive snoring. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10: 576–586, x 5 Kaplan, V, Zhang, JN, Russi, EW et al. Detection of inspiratory flow limitation during sleep by computer assisted respiratory inductive plethysmography. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15: 570–578||, x 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560| Recently, a portable respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) system has become commercially available. It comprises a novel patient interface consisting of a snugly fitting, elastic garment incorporating rib cage and abdominal inductance sensors, thereby minimizing the propensity for sensor dislocation. The corresponding battery-powered digital signal-processing unit has the weight and size of a palmtop computer. Since this equipment seems promising for application in outpatients under various conditions at rest, and during exercise, the purpose of this study was to evaluate its accuracy for measuring tidal volume (V t) and respiratory timing during exercise. We have previously demonstrated the accurate measurement of ventilation by RIP during maximal bicycle exercise in a small number of healthy subjects. X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 To extend the validation of RIP to the measurement of ventilation during a form of physical activity that is more representative of the daily activities of many subjects, the current protocol included treadmill exercise. Furthermore, we studied a larger number of healthy volunteers as well as patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases to evaluate the effect of the disease and associated abnormalities of chest wall motion and breathing pattern x 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560|, x 7 Hoover, CF. Diagnostic significance of inspiratory movements of costal margins. Am J Med Sci. 1920; 159: 633–646, x 8 Tobin, MJ, Chadha, TS, Jenouri, G et al. Breathing patterns: 2. Diseased subjects. 1983; 84: 286–294| on the accuracy of ventilatory monitoring by RIP. We hypothesized that the measurement of ventilation by RIP in healthy subjects and patients during exercise is valid within the published standards. Lung volume changes are commonly estimated by body surface sensors of magnetometers or RIP sensors placed at the rib cage and abdomen based on the classic two-degrees-of-freedom model of chest wall excursions described by Konno and Mead. X 9 Konno, K and Mead, J. Measurement of separate volume changes of ribcage and abdomen during breathing. J Appl Physiol. 1966; 22: 407–422 Smith and Mead, x 10 Smith, JC and Mead, J. Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 60: 928–934 and McCool and coworkers x 11 Mc Cool, FD, Kelly, KB, Loring, SH et al. Estimates of ventilation from body surface measurements in unrestrained subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 6: 1114–1119 proposed a three-degrees-of-freedom model that included an additional term reflecting axial chest wall motion related to flexion and rotation of the vertebral spine and pelvis. To investigate the potential effect of such movements on the accuracy of RIP (with rib cage and abdominal sensors only), we compared measurements among volunteers carrying a custom-fitted and loaded backpack incorporating a metal frame that stabilized their back, and volunteers with unrestricted spinal motion. We hypothesized that restricting spinal motion by the backpack would not significantly improve the agreement between RIP and flowmeter-derived estimates of ventilation. A total of 31 individuals, among them 20 healthy volunteers, 5 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF), and 6 patients with COPD ( Table 1) gave informed consent to participate in the study, which was approved by the hospital ethics committee. The healthy volunteers were recruited from among hospital staff. Any medical condition requiring treatment at the time of the study was an exclusion criterion. The patients were recruited from among successive patients who had been referred for cardiopulmonary exercise testing to evaluate physical performance and dyspnea during exercise. Of the five patients with heart failure, three were studied during regular follow-up and two were evaluated for possible cardiac transplantation. Three had severe coronary artery disease from dilated cardiomyopathy. Four of the six COPD patients were candidates for lung volume reduction surgery, and two were referred for evaluation of progressive symptoms. RIP sensors consisted of two shielded electrical conductors that were sewn in a sinusoidal array into a sleeveless, snugly fitting elastic shirt so that they encircled the rib cage and abdomen at the level of the nipples, and the umbilicus (LifeShirt; VivoMetrics; Ventura, CA) [ Fig 1]. Sensors were placed by one of the investigators and were connected to a portable, battery-powered device incorporating RIP, pulse oximetry, ECG, three accelerometers for the measurement of body movements and position in three axes, and a signal-processing and recording unit with the capacity for continuous data collection over ≥ 24 h. The device is the size of a palmtop computer (dimensions, 17.3 × 7.9 × 3.8 cm; weight, 382 g) and was attached to a belt. Figure 1 Schematic drawing of the portable RIP system. The RIP transducers encircling the rib cage and abdomen consist of shielded electrical wires arranged in a sinusoidal array and sewn into a snugly fitting, elastic garment directly worn against the skin. The transducers are connected along with the ECG electrodes to a signal-processing and signal-recording unit that was the size of a palmtop computer. It was worn on a belt or in a pouch. The pulse oximeter sensor and the accelerometers incorporated in the garment, and connected to the same recorder, are not shown. | A spiroergometry unit ( max; SensorMedics; Yorba Linda, CA) served as the reference standard. Calibration and breath-by-breath measurements of ventilation and oxygen uptake were performed as previously described. X 12 Bingisser, R, Kaplan, V, Scherer, T et al. Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29: 1499–1504| During exercise tests, subjects breathed through the flowmeter attached to a mouthpiece while the nose was clipped. Ventilation was simultaneously monitored by RIP and the flowmeter during progressive treadmill exercise to exhaustion. The initial speed was 1.5 miles per hour, and increased approximately every minute by 0.5 to 1 mile per hour. The treadmill was inclined at 12° in healthy subjects, and between 0° and 3.5° in patients to achieve an exercise duration of at least 5 min. Subjects and patients were encouraged to exercise to their exhaustion, but no other instructions were given. Tests were terminated according to standard criteria, x 13 American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 211–277| and when the subject or patient could no longer keep up with the speed and wished to stop. Ten of the 20 healthy subjects were carrying a climber’s backpack loaded to a weight of 11 kg. It had a built-in metallic frame that stabilized their back, and was closely attached to the body by the shoulder harness and a belt around the abdomen, located approximately at the iliac crest. At the end of tests, the data were downloaded from the RIP recorder to a computer and were analyzed by dedicated software (VivoLogic; VivoMetrics). It allowed the review of raw and processed data on a video screen, automatic calibration, and breath-by-breath calculation of breathing pattern variables and heart rate as previously described. X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092, x 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560| Relative gains in rib cage and abdominal RIP signals were determined at the beginning of the tests during 5 min of regular breathing performed in a standing position by the qualitative diagnostic calibration method. X 14 Sackner, MA, Watson, H, Belsito, AS et al. Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing. J Appl Physiol. 1989; 66: 410–420 The RIP sum signal was calibrated in absolute units (liters) by comparison to the integrated output of the flowmeter over the duration of 20 breaths. X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 Inspiratory V t, total duration of respiratory cycle (T t), and inspiratory minute ventilation ( i), which is the product of V t and breath rate, were measured breath by breath as described previously. Rib cage abdominal motion was assessed by computing the rib cage contribution to V t, and the phase shift between rib cage and abdominal excursions, as described recently. X 15 Brack, T, Senn, O, Russi, EW et al. Transtracheal high flow insufflation supports spontaneous respiration in chronic respiratory failure. 2005; 127: 98–104|||| The heart rate was determined by the ECG incorporated in the portable RIP recorder. The spiroergometry unit measured respiratory variables breath by breath, and these data were matched with corresponding values obtained with the RIP device by means of a common time stamp on the ECG signals of both systems that synchronized the recorders. To compare equal numbers of breaths from each individual despite the variation in exercise duration, four periods of 20 breaths from low, intermediate, submaximal, and maximal exercise intensity, respectively, were analyzed ( ie, a total of 80 breaths per individual). Data collected after the initiation of walking when the breathing pattern had stabilized corresponded to low intensity. Intermediate intensity was defined as a period within the first half of the duration of exercise after low intensity. Submaximal data were collected within the second half of the duration of exercise, before maximal exercise. Maximal values of physiologic variables were defined as their mean over the final 20 breaths during maximal exercise. The predicted maximal heart rate was calculated as 220 − age, and the predicted maximal oxygen uptake ( o 2max) was computed according to Wassermann et al. X 16 Wasserman, K, Hansen, JE, Sue, DY et al. Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA; 1994 ( 2nd ed.) The data are summarized as the mean ± SD. Agreement between methods was evaluated by computing the mean difference (bias) and limits of agreement (± 2 SDs of the bias). X 17 Bland, MJ and Altman, DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. 1986; 1: 307–310|| The mean disagreement between methods was computed as the absolute difference in percent of the mean value by the two methods. Comparisons between groups were performed by analysis of variance followed by the Newman-Keuls test, where appropriate. A probability of p 0.95 to detect a ≥ 2% bias between methods in V t and V ei, and a bias of ≥ 1% in T t (α 0.05). To evaluate whether a nonsignificant result of a comparison between the two methods can be considered as a true absence of difference ( ie, equivalence), we employed the confidence interval approach, as described by Jones et al. X 18 Jones, B, Jarvis, P, Lewis, JA et al. Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods. 1996; 313: 36–39| According to this method, equivalence is assumed if the confidence interval of an observed difference lies entirely within a specified equivalence range, which was defined as ± 2% for V t and i, and as ± 1% for T t. A satisfactory snug fit of the available standard sizes of RIP garments was achieved in all subjects and patients, and RIP recordings were successfully obtained in all of them. Figure 2 shows recordings in a healthy female subject, and a male patient with COPD. Table 2 summarizes o 2max, heart rate, and breathing pattern variables over the final 20 breaths during maximal exercise. The o 2max was above the predicted value in healthy subjects, and their maximal heart rate was close to the predicted value achieved at the end of the exercise tests. In contrast, o 2max was significantly reduced in patients, in particular in those with severe CHF, and they did not reach their predicted maximal heart rate. All patients with CHF were on β-blocking drugs. The highest i and breath rate were observed in healthy subjects carrying a backpack. They achieved their higher i compared to healthy subjects not carrying a backpack through a higher breath rate, while V t was lower. Patients with COPD had a higher breath rate/V t ratio ( ie, a more rapid shallow breathing pattern) and a shorter duty cycle (T i/T t) than healthy subjects and patients with CHF ( Table 2). In addition, patients with COPD had a greater rib cage contribution to V t and a greater asynchrony of rib cage vs abdominal motion (quantified by the phase angle) x 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560|, x 15 Brack, T, Senn, O, Russi, EW et al. Transtracheal high flow insufflation supports spontaneous respiration in chronic respiratory failure. 2005; 127: 98–104||||, x 19 Agostoni, E and Magnoni, P. Deformations of the chest wall during breathing efforts. J Appl Physiol. 1966; 21: 1827–1832 than patients with CHF. Figure 2 Representative recordings obtained in a healthy female patient ( top, A), and a male patient with COPD ( bottom, B). The left panels include recordings over the entire exercise duration. Walking can be identified in the signal of an accelerometer incorporated in the garment and arranged to provide a qualitative measure of acceleration in the spinal axis. In the patient with COPD ( bottom, B, left), the increase in end-expiratory lung volume suggesting dynamic hyperinflation can be appreciated with progressive exercise in the sum signal of the inductive plethysmograph operated in DC mode. The end-expiratory lung volume level at the beginning of exercise is assigned a value of 0 L on the volume scales. The right panels show several breaths during maximal exercise. Minor deflections superimposed onto respiratory waveforms of the inductance signals are related to body movements. These artifacts do not affect accurate breath detection by the computer algorithm, as can be verified by the vertical lines reflecting the breath-by-breath values of i. Sum = inductive plethysmographic sum volume signal; RC = rib cage volume signal; AB = abdominal volume signal; HR = heart rate. Table 2 Breathing Patterns and Performance During Maximal Treadmill Exercise* Healthy Subjects Patients Variables Without Backpack (n = 10) With Backpack (n = 10) With CHF (n = 5) With COPD (n = 6) Breaths, No. Table 3 Agreement of Breath-by-Breath Variables Derived by Portable RIP and Flowmeter During Progressive Treadmill Exercise to Exhaustion* Healthy Subjects Patients Variables Without Backpack (n = 10) With Backpack (n = 10) With CHF (n = 5) With COPD (n = 6) All (n = 31) Breaths, No. Figure 3 Identity plots of i ( top left, A), V t ( middle left, C), and T t ( bottom left, E) recorded by RIP vs corresponding values by the flowmeter in 10 healthy subjects without backpack (○), 10 subjects with backpack (•), 6 patients with COPD (▵), and 5 patients with CHF (▴). Each of the 31 individuals is represented by four data points representing mean values averaged over periods of 20 breaths, respectively, over the course of progressive stages of exercise intensity up to exhaustion. All paired values of T t fall within ± 5% of identity, and values of i and V t fall within ± 10% of identity. Right top, B, middle right, D, and bottom right, F: plots of differences in i, V t, and T t, respectively, measured by the two methods (expressed in percent) vs their mean value. The full and dashed lines represent the mean difference (bias) and the limits of agreement (± 2 SDs of the bias), respectively. The novel features of the respiratory monitoring system evaluated in the current study are the portability related to a miniaturized, battery-powered signal-processing and signal-recording unit, the patient interface, consisting of inductance sensors integrated in a snugly fitting garment to minimize dislocation, and software for semiautomatic breathing pattern analysis. Our data demonstrate a high accuracy of portable RIP-derived estimates of T t, V t, and ventilation during maximal treadmill exercise in healthy subjects and in patients with severe cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Moreover, the analysis of RIP revealed characteristics of the breathing pattern that differed among healthy subjects and patients with cardiac or pulmonary disease. Our observations suggest that the portable RIP system is suitable for monitoring breathing patterns and ventilation in unrestrained subjects and patients during exercise. The o 2max and heart rate over the last 20 breaths during maximal exercise indicated a high intensity of exercise performed by the healthy subjects ( Table 2). In patients with severe CHF, heart rate might not have reached the predicted maximal value because of the treatment with β-blocking agents or because of premature exercise termination due to leg weakness or insufficient effort. In patients with COPD, exercise was most likely limited by their inability to increase ventilation. Consistent with the exhausting ventilatory effort they performed, their breathing pattern was more rapid and shallow than that of patients with CHF or healthy subjects, as quantified by a high breath rate/V t ratio ( Table 2). Further characteristics that differentiated patients with COPD from those with CHF were a short T i/T t, a high rib cage contribution to V t, and asynchronous rib cage-abdominal motion ( ie, a greater phase angle) [ Table 2]. These breathing patterns were consistent with our previous observations in patients with COPD at rest. X 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560| With no significant bias for breath-by-breath estimates of T t, V t, and i, and limits of agreement of ≤ 8% for T t and ≤ 18% for both V t and i( Table 3), the accuracy of portable RIP in the current investigation compares favorably to results achieved in previous studies using stationary equipment in resting patients with chronic obstructive lung disease undergoing lung volume reduction surgery, x 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560|, x 15 Brack, T, Senn, O, Russi, EW et al. Transtracheal high flow insufflation supports spontaneous respiration in chronic respiratory failure. 2005; 127: 98–104|||| in sleep apnea patients during sleep studies, x 4 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Sackner, MA et al. Breathing pattern during sleep disruptive snoring. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10: 576–586, x 5 Kaplan, V, Zhang, JN, Russi, EW et al. Detection of inspiratory flow limitation during sleep by computer assisted respiratory inductive plethysmography. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15: 570–578|| and in healthy volunteers during bicycle exercise x 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 and treadmill exercise. X 20 Sackner, JD, Nixon, AJ, Davis, B et al. Non-invasive measurement of ventilation during exercise using a respiratory inductive plethysmograph. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980; 122: 867–871 In an earlier study, x 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 we had to tape the RIP sensors encircling the rib cage and abdomen to the skin to avoid displacement during exercise. Major excursions in the abdominal RIP signal related to leg motion with pedaling were noted ( Fig 2 in our previous publication). X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 This required adjustments of the criterion for automatic, computer-assisted breath detection with progressive exercise. In the current study, no special fixation of RIP sensors contained within the garment was necessary. Walking at a brisk pace on the treadmill was also associated with artifacts in RIP raw waveforms ( Fig 2). However, this did not require adjustment of the minimal volume change accepted as a breath by the computer algorithm from the default value of 25% of V t during the initial qualitative diagnostic calibration. X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092, x 14 Sackner, MA, Watson, H, Belsito, AS et al. Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing. J Appl Physiol. 1989; 66: 410–420 This default value was preset in the software (VivoLogic), which employed similar concepts for automatic breath detection as we have previously described. X 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 The robust computer-assisted breath detection achieved in the current study during treadmill exercise may have been related to a more favorable signal/noise ratio compared to bicycle exercise, and to the fact that the software (VivoLogic) applies digital filtering to RIP signals before performing breath detection and computation of breathing pattern variables (see the VivoLogic software user manual). It is also conceivable that the leg and body movements between bicycle and treadmill exercise might have been associated with different amounts of movement artifacts on respiratory waveforms. According to recommended standards, the assessment of exercise performance is not based on breath-by breath values but on data averaged over > 30 to 60 s. X 13 American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 211–277| Therefore, the comparison of mean RIP and flowmeter-derived values averaged over periods of 20 breaths (corresponding to approximately 30 s at maximal exercise) were also performed. This analysis revealed limits of agreement of ± 1% for T t, and ± 8% for V t and i( Fig 3). Thus, 95% of differences were expected to fall within these ranges. This indicates, for example, that a reduction in the ventilatory reserve measured by a flowmeter during maximal exercise by > 8% below the expected value will be detected by RIP in 97.5% of cases. Taking into account a tolerated inaccuracy of flowmeters within ± 5% (according to American Thoracic Society standards), x 21 American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152: 1107–1136| and repeatability coefficients of 25 to 28% for maximal minute ventilation measured by a flowmeter during repeated bicycle exercise tests in the same individuals, 1 week apart, x 12 Bingisser, R, Kaplan, V, Scherer, T et al. Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29: 1499–1504| the accuracy and precision of RIP achieved in the current study is excellent. Whether similar results can be obtained in other, less controlled settings, over longer time periods, and in more obese patients remains to be confirmed. Based on measurements in healthy volunteers performing specific respiratory maneuvers and activities that induced rotation or flexion/extension of the vertebral spine and pelvis, Smith and Mead, x 10 Smith, JC and Mead, J. Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 60: 928–934 and McCool and coworkers x 11 Mc Cool, FD, Kelly, KB, Loring, SH et al. Estimates of ventilation from body surface measurements in unrestrained subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 6: 1114–1119, x 22 Mc Cool, FD, Wang, J, and Ebi, KL. Tidal volume and respiratory timing derived from a portable ventilation monitor. 2002; 122: 684–691||| suggested that the estimation of lung volume changes based on data from body surface sensors could be improved by monitoring axial displacements by a magnetometer attached to the skin at the sternal and umbilical level as a third degree of freedom of chest wall motion, in addition to anteroposterior dimensions (measured by magnetometers) or cross-sections of the rib cage and abdomen (measured by RIP). Employing a portable ventilation monitor incorporating two pairs of magnetometers arranged in an elegant array so that their signals reflected anteroposterior rib cage and abdominal dimensions as well as the sternal-umbilical distance, McCool and coworkers x 22 Mc Cool, FD, Wang, J, and Ebi, KL. Tidal volume and respiratory timing derived from a portable ventilation monitor. 2002; 122: 684–691||| achieved a satisfactory agreement of V t estimates compared to flowmeter measurements during submaximal bicycle exercise in nine healthy volunteers. At a mean V t of 1.74 L, the bias and the limits of agreement were 0.18 and ± 0.69 L, respectively, corresponding to a mean relative disagreement of 14%. X 22 Mc Cool, FD, Wang, J, and Ebi, KL. Tidal volume and respiratory timing derived from a portable ventilation monitor. 2002; 122: 684–691||| In the current study involving maximal exercise, the bias and limits of agreement computed for all participants, including healthy subjects and patients, compare favorably with the cited results (the bias and the limits of agreement of V t were −0.01 ± 0.32 L, the mean disagreement was 7% at a mean V t of 1.93 L) [ Table 3]. The accuracy of RIP did not differ among patients and healthy subjects without a backpack, and healthy subjects carrying a backpack that restricted the range of spinal motion by the metal frame and weight ( Table 3). Therefore, the degrees of freedom of chest wall motion in addition to those monitored by the two RIP sensors, presumably induced by rigorous muscle contractions during maximal exercise, an elevated respiratory impedance in patients, or spinal flexion/extension or rotation, did not significantly affect lung volume estimates by RIP during maximal treadmill exercise. In conclusion, we have demonstrated accurate, cooperation-independent measurement of ventilation by a novel, portable monitoring device during progressive treadmill exercise to exhaustion in healthy subjects and patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases. The RIP monitor was able to identify differences in breathing patterns between healthy subjects and patients with cardiac or pulmonary disease. Therefore, portable RIP is a promising tool for unobtrusive respiratory monitoring in unrestrained subjects and patients for investigation of ventilatory adaptation to exercise and disease. References • 1 Bloch, KE, Barandun, J, and Sackner, MA. Effect of mouthpiece breathing on cardiorespiratory response to intense exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 15: 1087–1092 • • 2 Perez, W and Tobin, MJ. Separation of factors responsible for changes in breathing pattern induced by instrumentation. J Appl Physiol. 1985; 59: 1515–1520 • •| • 3 Sackner, MA and Krieger, BP. Noninvasive respiratory monitoring. ( Scharf, SM Cassidy, SS eds) Heart-lung interactions in health and disease. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY; 1989: 663–805 • • 4 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Sackner, MA et al. Breathing pattern during sleep disruptive snoring. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10: 576–586 • •| • 5 Kaplan, V, Zhang, JN, Russi, EW et al. Detection of inspiratory flow limitation during sleep by computer assisted respiratory inductive plethysmography. Eur Respir J. 2000; 15: 570–578 • •| •| •| • 6 Bloch, KE, Li, Y, Zhang, J et al. Effect of surgical lung volume reduction on breathing patterns in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 553–560 • •| •| • 7 Hoover, CF. Diagnostic significance of inspiratory movements of costal margins. Am J Med Sci. 1920; 159: 633–646 • •| • 8 Tobin, MJ, Chadha, TS, Jenouri, G et al. Breathing patterns: 2. Diseased subjects. 1983; 84: 286–294 • •| •| • 9 Konno, K and Mead, J. Measurement of separate volume changes of ribcage and abdomen during breathing. J Appl Physiol. 1966; 22: 407–422 • • 10 Smith, JC and Mead, J. Three degree of freedom description of movement of the human chest wall. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 60: 928–934 • • 11 Mc Cool, FD, Kelly, KB, Loring, SH et al. Estimates of ventilation from body surface measurements in unrestrained subjects. J Appl Physiol. 1986; 6: 1114–1119 • • 12 Bingisser, R, Kaplan, V, Scherer, T et al. Effect of training on repeatability of cardiopulmonary exercise performance in normal men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29: 1499–1504 • •| •| • 13 American Thoracic Society, American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 211–277 • •| •| • 14 Sackner, MA, Watson, H, Belsito, AS et al. Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing. J Appl Physiol. 1989; 66: 410–420 • •| • 15 Brack, T, Senn, O, Russi, EW et al. Transtracheal high flow insufflation supports spontaneous respiration in chronic respiratory failure. 2005; 127: 98–104 • •| •| •| •| •| • 16 Wasserman, K, Hansen, JE, Sue, DY et al. ( 2nd ed.) Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA; 1994 • • 17 Bland, MJ and Altman, DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. 1986; 1: 307–310 • •| •| •| • 18 Jones, B, Jarvis, P, Lewis, JA et al. Trials to assess equivalence: the importance of rigorous methods. 1996; 313: 36–39 • •| •| • 19 Agostoni, E and Magnoni, P. Deformations of the chest wall during breathing efforts. J Appl Physiol. 1966; 21: 1827–1832 • •| • 20 Sackner, JD, Nixon, AJ, Davis, B et al. Non-invasive measurement of ventilation during exercise using a respiratory inductive plethysmograph. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980; 122: 867–871 • •| • 21 American Thoracic Society. Standardization of spirometry, 1994 update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152: 1107–1136 • •| •| • 22 Mc Cool, FD, Wang, J, and Ebi, KL. Tidal volume and respiratory timing derived from a portable ventilation monitor. 2002; 122: 684–691 • •| •| •| •|. Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe Something wrong with Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe? Is Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe using too much CPU or memory? It's probably your file has been infected with a virus. Let try the program named to see if it helps. How to remove Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe If you encounter difficulties with Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe, you can uninstall the associated program (Start > Control Panel > Add/Remove programs What can you do to fix Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe? Let try to run a system scan with Speed Up My PC to see any error, then you can do some other troubleshooting steps. To find out what is affecting PC performance If you think this is a driver issue, please try Where do we see Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe? Here is the list of instances that we see for the process: Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe Path Product Name Vendor Version Size MD5 1 D: SW Design-Expert 6.0.8 Portable.exe Design-Expert速 6 Application 6.0.8 766966 B685D554F3A13EF934F8F712B4CD1C3B Comments about this process: Sharing your feedback about this process or ask for help Your Name Your Email Your Message We accept anonymous messages. However, if you wish to receive a response, please include your email and name. Send me an email when anyone response to this Security code: Please enter security code that you see on the above box. The control circuit in a household HVAC installation. The wires connecting to the blue terminal block on the upper-right of the board lead to the. The fan enclosure is directly behind the board, and the can be seen at the top of the image. The safety switch is at the bottom left.,, and ( HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide and acceptable. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of, based on the principles of,, and. Is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR, or ventilating is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated ). HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such as and hospitals, on ships and submarines, and in marine environments, where safe and conditions are regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors. Ventilating or (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and types. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] The three central functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially with the need to provide and acceptable within reasonable installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide, and maintain pressure relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as. Individual systems [ ] In modern buildings, the design, installation, and of these functions are integrated into one or more HVAC systems. For very small buildings, contractors normally estimate the capacity and type of system needed and then design the system, selecting the appropriate refrigerant and various components needed. For larger buildings, building service designers, mechanical engineers, or engineers analyze, design, and specify the HVAC systems. Specialty mechanical contractors then fabricate and commission the systems. Building permits and code-compliance inspections of the installations are normally required for all sizes of building. District networks [ ] Although HVAC is executed in individual buildings or other enclosed spaces (like underground headquarters), the equipment involved is in some cases an extension of a larger (DH) or (DC) network, or a combined DHC network. In such cases, the operating and maintenance aspects are simplified and metering becomes necessary to bill for the energy that is consumed, and in some cases energy that is returned to the larger system. For example, at a given time one building may be utilizing chilled water for air conditioning and the warm water it returns may be used in another building for heating, or for the overall heating-portion of the DHC network (likely with energy added to boost the temperature). Basing HVAC on a larger network helps provide an economy of scale that is often not possible for individual buildings, for utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar heat, winter's cold, the cooling potential in some places of for, and the enabling function of. See also: HVAC is based on inventions and discoveries made by,,,,,,,, and many others. Multiple inventions within this time frame preceded the beginnings of first comfort air conditioning system, which was designed in 1902 by Alfred Wolff (Cooper, 2003) for the New York Stock Exchange, while Willis Carrier equipped the Sacketts-Wilhems Printing Company with the process AC unit the same year. The invention of the components of HVAC systems went hand-in-hand with the, and new methods of modernization, higher efficiency, and system control are constantly being introduced by companies and inventors worldwide. Central heating unit Heaters exist for various types of fuel, including,, and. Another type of heat source is, normally heating ribbons composed of high resistance wire (see ). This principle is also used for baseboard heaters and. Electrical heaters are often used as backup or supplemental heat for systems. The gained popularity in the 1950s in Japan and the United States. Heat pumps can extract heat from, such as environmental air, exhaust air from a building, or from the ground. Initially, heat pump HVAC systems were only used in moderate climates, but with improvements in low temperature operation and reduced loads due to more efficient homes, they are increasing in popularity in cooler climates. Distribution [ ] Water / steam [ ] In the case of heated water or steam, piping is used to transport the heat to the rooms. Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older ). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or installed within the floor to produce floor heat. The use of water as the heat transfer medium is known as. The heated water can also supply an auxiliary heat exchanger to supply hot water for bathing and washing. Air [ ] Warm air systems distribute heated air through duct work systems of supply and return air through metal or fiberglass ducts. Many systems use the same ducts to distribute air cooled by an evaporator coil for air conditioning. The air supply is normally filtered through air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles. Dangers [ ] The use of furnaces, space heaters, and boilers as a method of indoor heating could result in incomplete combustion and the emission of,,,, and other combustion byproducts. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen; the inputs are fuels containing various contaminants and the outputs are harmful byproducts, most dangerously carbon monoxide, which is a tasteless and odorless gas with serious adverse health effects. Without proper ventilation, carbon monoxide can be lethal at concentrations of 1000 ppm (0.1%). However, at several hundred ppm, carbon monoxide exposure induces headaches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, forming carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to transport oxygen. The primary health concerns associated with carbon monoxide exposure are its cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects. Carbon monoxide can cause atherosclerosis (the hardening of arteries) and can also trigger heart attacks. Neurologically, carbon monoxide exposure reduces hand to eye coordination, vigilance, and continuous performance. It can also affect time discrimination. Ventilation [ ]. Main article: is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. Mechanical or forced ventilation [ ]. HVAC ventilation exhaust for a 12-story building Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an (AHU) and used to control. Excess, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control odors and sometimes humidity. Factors in the design of such systems include the flow rate (which is a function of the fan speed and exhaust vent size) and noise level. Fans are available for many applications, and can reduce maintenance needs. Ceiling and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants. Because hot air rises, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by circulating the warm stratified air from the ceiling to the floor. Natural ventilation [ ]. On the system, by impulsion, or the, applied to schoolrooms (1899) is the ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other mechanical systems. It can be via operable windows, louvers, or when spaces are small and the architecture permits. In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out high building openings to the outside (), causing cool outside air to be drawn into low building openings. Natural ventilation schemes can use very little energy, but care must be taken to ensure comfort. In warm or humid climates, maintaining solely via natural ventilation might not be possible. Systems are used, either as backups or supplements. Air-side also use outside air to condition spaces, but do so using fans, ducts, dampers, and control systems to introduce and distribute cool outdoor air when appropriate. An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or: the hourly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. For example, six air changes per hour means an amount of new air, equal to the volume of the space, is added every ten minutes. For human comfort, a minimum of four air changes per hour is typical, though warehouses might have only two. Too high of an air change rate may be uncomfortable, akin to a which have thousands of changes per hour. The highest air change rates are for crowded spaces, bars, night clubs, commercial kitchens at around 30 to 50 air changes per hour. Room pressure can be either positive or negative with respect to outside the room. Positive pressure occurs when there is more air being supplied than exhausted, and is common to reduce the infiltration of outside contaminants. Airborne diseases [ ] Natural ventilation is a key factor in reducing the spread of airborne illnesses such as tuberculosis, the common cold, influenza and meningitis. Opening doors, windows, and using ceiling fans are all ways to maximize natural ventilation and reduce the risk of airborne contagion. Natural ventilation requires little maintenance and is inexpensive. Air conditioning [ ]. Main article: An air conditioning system, or a standalone air conditioner, provides cooling and for all or part of a building. Air conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions. Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10%. Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed through,,. Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as. A refrigerant is employed either in a system in which a is used to drive thermodynamic, or in a system which uses pumps to circulate a cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix). Refrigeration cycle [ ]. A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1), 2), 3), 4) The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool. • The system refrigerant starts its cycle in a gaseous state. The compressor pumps the refrigerant gas up to a high pressure and temperature. • From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a condensing coil or condenser) where it loses energy (heat) to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase. • An (also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate. • The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to evaporate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an evaporating coil or evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs energy (heat) from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building. In variable climates, the system may include a that switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This allows a facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of equipment by the same means, and with the same hardware. Free cooling [ ]. Main article: Free cooling systems can have very high efficiencies, and are sometimes combined with seasonal thermal energy storage so that the cold of winter can be used for summer air conditioning. Common storage mediums are deep aquifers or a natural underground rock mass accessed via a cluster of small-diameter, heat-exchanger-equipped boreholes, and exisiting below-ground infrastructure. Some systems with small storages are hybrids, using free cooling early in the cooling season, and later employing a heat pump to chill the circulation coming from the storage. The heat pump is added-in because the storage acts as a when the system is in cooling (as opposed to charging) mode, causing the temperature to gradually increase during the cooling season. Some systems include an 'economizer mode', which is sometimes called a 'free-cooling mode'. When economizing, the control system will open (fully or partially) the outside air damper and close (fully or partially) the return air damper. This will cause fresh, outside air to be supplied to the system. When the outside air is cooler than the demanded cool air, this will allow the demand to be met without using the mechanical supply of cooling (typically chilled water or a direct expansion 'DX' unit), thus saving energy. The control system can compare the temperature of the outside air vs. Return air, or it can compare the of the air, as is frequently done in climates where humidity is more of an issue. In both cases, the outside air must be less energetic than the return air for the system to enter the economizer mode. Split system [ ] Central, 'all-air' air-conditioning systems (or package systems) with a combined outdoor condenser/evaporator unit are often installed in North American residences, offices, and public buildings, but are difficult to retrofit (install in a building that was not designed to receive it) because of the bulky air ducts required. (Minisplit ductless systems are used in these situations.) Outside of North America, packaged systems are only used in limited applications involving large indoor space such as stadiums, theatres or exhibition halls. An alternative to packaged systems is the use of separate indoor and outdoor coils in. Split systems are preferred and widely used worldwide except in the North America. In the North America, split systems are most often seen in residential applications, but they are gaining popularity in small commercial buildings. With the split system, the evaporator coil is connected to a remote condenser unit using refrigerant piping between an indoor and outdoor unit instead of ducting air directly from the outdoor unit. Indoor units with directional vents mount onto walls, suspended from ceilings, or fit into the ceiling. Other indoor units mount inside the ceiling cavity, so that short lengths of duct handle air from the indoor unit to vents or diffusers around the rooms. Split systems are more efficient and the footprint is typically smaller than the package systems. On the other hand, package systems tend to have slightly lower indoor noise level compared to split system since the fan motor is located outside. Dehumidification [ ] Dehumidification (air drying) in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the evaporator operates at a temperature below the, moisture in the air condenses on the evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a pan and removed by piping to a central drain or onto the ground outside. A is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building. It is often employed in basements which have a higher because of their lower temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). In food retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets are highly effective at dehumidifying the internal air. Conversely, a humidifier increases the of a building. Maintenance [ ] All modern air conditioning systems, even small window package units, are equipped with internal air filters. These are generally of a lightweight gauzy material, and must be replaced or washed as conditions warrant. For example, a building in a high dust environment, or a home with furry pets, will need to have the filters changed more often than buildings without these dirt loads. Failure to replace these filters as needed will contribute to a lower heat exchange rate, resulting in wasted energy, shortened equipment life, and higher energy bills; low air flow can result in iced-over evaporator coils, which can completely stop air flow. Additionally, very dirty or plugged filters can cause overheating during a heating cycle, and can result in damage to the system or even fire. Because an air conditioner moves heat between the indoor coil and the outdoor coil, both must be kept clean. This means that, in addition to replacing the air filter at the evaporator coil, it is also necessary to regularly clean the condenser coil. Failure to keep the condenser clean will eventually result in harm to the compressor, because the condenser coil is responsible for discharging both the indoor heat (as picked up by the evaporator) and the heat generated by the electric motor driving the compressor. Energy efficiency [ ] Since the 1980s, manufacturers of HVAC equipment have been making an effort to make the systems they manufacture more efficient. This was originally driven by rising energy costs, and has more recently been driven by increased awareness of environmental issues. Additionally, improvements to the HVAC system efficiency can also help increase occupant health and productivity. In the US, the has imposed tighter restrictions over the years. There are several methods for making HVAC systems more efficient. Heating energy [ ] In the past, water heating was more efficient for heating buildings and was the standard in the United States. Today, systems can double for air conditioning and are more popular. Some benefits of forced air systems, which are now widely used in churches, schools and high-end residences, are • Better air conditioning effects • Energy savings of up to 15-20% • Even conditioning [ ] A drawback is the installation cost, which can be slightly higher than traditional HVAC systems. Energy efficiency can be improved even more in central heating systems by introducing zoned heating. This allows a more granular application of heat, similar to non-central heating systems. Zones are controlled by multiple. In water heating systems the thermostats control, and in forced air systems they control inside the vents which selectively block the flow of air. In this case, the control system is very critical to maintaining a proper temperature. Is another method of controlling building heating by calculating demand for heating energy that should be supplied to the building in each time unit. Ground source heat pump [ ]. Main article: Ground source, or geothermal, heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of transferring heat to or from outside air, they rely on the stable, even temperature of the earth to provide heating and air conditioning. Many regions experience seasonal temperature extremes, which would require large-capacity heating and cooling equipment to heat or cool buildings. For example, a conventional heat pump system used to heat a building in Montana's −70 (−57 ) low temperature or cool a building in the highest temperature ever recorded in the US—134 °F (57 °C) in, California, in 1913 would require a large amount of energy due to the extreme difference between inside and outside air temperatures. A few feet below the earth's surface, however, the ground remains at a relatively constant temperature. Utilizing this large source of relatively moderate temperature earth, a heating or cooling system's capacity can often be significantly reduced. Although ground temperatures vary according to latitude, at 6 feet (1.8 m) underground, temperatures generally only range from 45 to 75 °F (7 to 24 °C). An example of a geothermal heat pump that uses a body of water as the heat sink, is the system used by the in Chicago, Illinois. This building is situated on the, and uses cold river water by pumping it into a recirculating cooling system, where heat exchangers transfer heat from the building into the water, and then the now-warmed water is pumped back into the Chicago River. While they may be more costly to install than regular heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps can produce markedly lower energy bills – 30 to 40 percent lower, according to estimates from the US Environmental Protection Agency. [ ] Ventilation energy recovery [ ] systems sometimes utilize or systems that employ or to recover or from exhausted air. This is done by transfer of energy to the incoming outside fresh air. Air conditioning energy [ ] The performance of vapor compression refrigeration cycles is limited. These air conditioning and devices move heat rather than convert it from one form to another, so do not appropriately describe the performance of these devices. The Coefficient-of-Performance (COP) measures performance, but this dimensionless measure has not been adopted. Instead, the Energy Efficiency Ratio ( EER) has traditionally been used to characterize the performance of many HVAC systems. EER is the Energy Efficiency Ratio based on a 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. To more accurately describe the performance of air conditioning equipment over a typical cooling season a modified version of the EER, the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio ( SEER), or in Europe the, is used. SEER ratings are based on seasonal temperature averages instead of a constant 35 °C (95 °F) outdoor temperature. The current industry minimum SEER rating is 14 SEER. Engineers have pointed out some areas where efficiency of the existing hardware could be improved. For example, the fan blades used to move the air are usually stamped from sheet metal, an economical method of manufacture, but as a result they are not aerodynamically efficient. A well-designed blade could reduce electrical power required to move the air by a third. Air filtration and cleaning [ ]. Used for heating, cooling, and filtering the air Air cleaning and filtration removes particles, contaminants, vapors and gases from the air. The filtered and cleaned air then is used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Air cleaning and filtration should be taken in account when protecting our building environments. Clean air delivery rate and filter performance [ ] Clean air delivery rate is the amount of clean air an air cleaner provides to a room or space. When determining CADR, the amount of airflow in a space is taken into account. For example, an air cleaner with a flow rate of 100 cfm (cubic feet per minute) and an efficiency of 50% has a CADR of 50 cfm. Along with CADR, filtration performance is very important when it comes to the air in our indoor environment. Filter performance depends on the size of the particle or fiber, the filter packing density and depth and also the air flow rate. HVAC industry and standards [ ] The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales, and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but regulating and standards organizations such as HARDI,,,,,, and have been established to support the industry and encourage high standards and achievement. The starting point in carrying out an estimate both for cooling and heating depends on the exterior climate and interior specified conditions. However, before taking up the heat load calculation, it is necessary to find fresh air requirements for each area in detail, as is an important consideration. International [ ]:2006 is one of the building environment standards. It establishes the general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813 is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings. The building environmental design standard aims to: • provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design process; • assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency and HVAC system controls at every stage of the design process; • iterate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process. North America [ ] United States [ ]. Main article: In the United States, HVAC engineers generally are members of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (), EPA Universal certified (for installation and service of CFC HVAC devices), or locally engineer certified such as a Special to Chief Boilers License issued by the state or, in some jurisdictions, the city. ASHRAE is an international technical society for all individuals and organizations interested in HVAC. The Society, organized into regions, chapters, and student branches, allows exchange of HVAC knowledge and experiences for the benefit of the field's practitioners and the public. ASHRAE provides many opportunities to participate in the development of new knowledge via, for example, research and its many technical committees. These committees typically meet twice per year at the ASHRAE Annual and Winter Meetings. A popular product show, the AHR Expo, is held in conjunction with each winter meeting. The Society has approximately 50,000 members and has headquarters in. The most recognized standards for HVAC design are based on ASHRAE data. The most general of four volumes of the ASHRAE Handbook is Fundamentals; it includes heating and cooling calculations. Each volume of the ASHRAE Handbook is updated every four years. The design professional must consult ASHRAE data for the standards of design and care as the typical building codes provide little to no information on HVAC design practices; codes such as the and IMC do include much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials include items from,, and technical trade journals. American design standards are legislated in the or International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials () or the International Code Council () respectively, on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public properties. HVAC professionals in the US can receive training through formal training institutions, where most earn. Training for HVAC technicians includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC technician for a temporary period. HVAC techs who have been trained can also be certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial refrigeration. Europe [ ] United Kingdom [ ] The is a body that covers the essential that allow buildings to operate. It includes the electrotechnical,,,, and industries. To as a, the requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory. Employers will often want a in a branch of engineering, such as building environment, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To become a full member of CIBSE, and so also to be registered by the as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree and a master's degree in a relevant engineering subject. CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides include various recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for major building services works. Merriam–Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-01-12. • Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005 • Designer's Guide to Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion, Rock and Zhu,, Inc.,, 2002 • Rezaie B., Rosen M.A. Applied Energy (1) Green Energy; (2)Special Section from papers presented at the 2nd International Enery 2030 Conf. 2012-10-15 at the. • Dalin P., Rubenhag A. 2012-10-15 at the. [ ] • Wong B., Thornton J. Renewable Heat Workshop. • Pauschinger T. European Sustainable Energy Week, Brussels. 18–22 June 2012. • Paksoy H., Snijders A., Stiles L. Effstock Conference -- Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability (11th International. • Swenson, S. HVAC: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. Homewood, Illinois: American Technical Publishers.. JC Heating & Cooling. • 9291 • Bearg, David W. Indoor Air Quality and HVAC Systems. New York: Lewis Publishers. • Dianat, Nazari, I,I.. International Journal of Injury Control and Promotion. Retrieved 2011-11-15. • Ventilation and Infiltration chapter, Fundamentals volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005 •. The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2012-12-12. • Bell, Geoffrey.. A Design Guide for Energy-Efficient Research Laboratories. Retrieved 2011-11-15. • Escombe, A. R.; Oeser, C. C.; Gilman, R. 'Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion'. • Tadayon, Saied; Tadayon, Bijan; Martin, David (2012-10-11).. Retrieved 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2 July 2014. • Al-Kodmany, Kheir (2013). The Future of the City: Tall Buildings and Urban Design. Retrieved 2015-09-07. • Keeping cool and green, The Economist 17 July 2010, p. 83 • ^ Howard, J (2003),,, 2003-136 • ISO.. Retrieved 2011-05-14. Retrieved 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2013-07-10. Archived from on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2013-07-10. Further reading [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • at • (2012 (Second Printing)) by the International Code Council, Thomson Delmar Learning; • (August 2003) by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bracciano, Goodheart-Wilcox Publisher; 18th edition •.
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![]() Limiter-Plugin (Download) Look-ahead peak limiter for maximum loudness, IDR dither with noise shaping Specifications Supported formats: VST2 / VST3 / AU / AAXnative / SoundGrid, From Win7 (64-bit), From Mac OSX. ![]() Read Before Posting! Posts should be made to inform or facilitate discussion. Any post with the intent to self-promote, sell products or services, or are appeals for money / funding will most likely be removed. Do not post pictures of text here, they will be removed. This type of content should be posted in. Similarly, office pics are generally considered low-effort fluff, image posts should have some point other than karma and promote discussion Weekly Posts Upcoming AES Events AES@NAMM 2018 January 25-28, 2018 Location: Anaheim, CA Venue: Anaheim Convention Center More info at the. Without a doubt; go for the Massey l2007. It is an absolutely amazing limiter. Sure, it technically isnt free and I recommend buying it to support the company but.if you download the trial version; it works completely as the full paid version for as long as you like as it is non-timebombed. The only difference with the paid version is the trial will not bypass or automate and every time you close your session it's parameters will reset. But if you are using it as a static limiter you can just write down your settings and recall them every time you open the session. It sounds way better than the L2 on my opinion and should you wish to buy it; its only $89. Just download the trial and see what ya think.all their other plugins work in the same un-timebombed manner. EDIT: spelling • • • •. On top of this distortion the L3 has a huge problem with the crossovers between the bands which skew the frequency perception and causes another type of distortion which messes with the coherency of the mix. I believe there's a test website that visually shows this problem in the L3 in comparison to a couple of other limiters. This is surprising because the L3's cross-overs are totally phase compensated - hence its very high latency. This is why they've just released an L3LL which is a low latency version of the same plugin but with 'minimum phase' crossovers - like the ones in the C4 you would presume. I'm speculating that the reason the OP was enjoying the L3 more than the L2 on his piano recording was the main reason multiband tools like this can be cool - you can affect portions of the signal while leaving other sections totally untouched. With a phase conpensated tool like this, the benefits should be even more transparent. Having said that, why do you need to limit a piano performance with 4-6 dB of gain reduction anyway? I'm not being criticial, but actually wondering what application you're doing this for. This is surprising because the L3's cross-overs are totally phase compensated - hence its very high latency. This is why they've just released an L3LL which is a low latency version of the same plugin but with 'minimum phase' crossovers - like the ones in the C4 you would presume.Well, L3LL might sound better, because Waves' idea of 'phase compensated' is atrocious, across the line. I often prefer C4 to LinMB! I'm with Lagerfeldt: the crossovers in L3 are the problem. That's not saying the problem is phase distortion however. Bad sounding LP is often worse than plain ole minimum phase. I'm saying that crossovers and multiband limiting as a final stage go-louder step is the problem. Since the early 90s, when Bob Ludwig appeared in a Finalizer ad, noobs have assumed that multiband compression, and later multiband limiting, are standard issue mastering processors. The go-too tool to git 'r loud. This just isn't the case historically. In fact, 'big name' ME's use MBL even less than MBC, both usually to fix frequency-related problems in a mix. Achieving loudness with a MBL is like commuting in the space shuttle: sure it get you from point A to B in a hurry, with lots of fuss, drama and expense. The dazzling light/sound display may be fun, but at the end of the day it may not be the best way to get to work. Professionally speaking, if you're seriously tweaking frequency bands in an MBL in the last step, there's a good chance the job was botched at an earlier stage, so may wish to revisit other processing before addressing it in the limiter. I'm amazed that no one has mentioned that there are 'two' types of L3. Full-band / 2. Everyone seems to be comparing the L2 Mono band (only type) to the L3 multi-band. These are two completely different 'mastering' tools. The L3 - mono-band, also has a number of different / tone/ curves. 'Extreme analog', etc. Have any of you tried these various [Profiles]? They each do sound quite different! The L2 had none of these profiles. Personally I'm very happy with the L3-Ultramaximer. It's at the end of the line in my mastering chain. Ahead of this is the LimMB or the new IK-S3 Multi-band. I use this to just tame some of those spots in a song, where some frequency bands build to create a tonal mis-balance in the mix. Using a constant EQ notch would do more harm than good. Thank-you Ron for pointing that out. IMHO, the L3 is only fully realized when used in MultiMaximizer mode. Because it is, by design, a multibanded limiter, I believe that you need the flexibility to assign the x-over points and the thresholds and limits per band. Otherwise, the L3 either works really well, kind of sort of OK, or not at all. With the Multimaximizer, I can almost always dial it into the material and get something pretty close to what I'm after. While I think their presets ('Cozy', 'Loud and Proud', etc.) are attempts to set the bands, etc.. I just have never gotten them to really work well. That's why I nearly always reach for the multi. If it doesn't work. Then I go to the Massey L2007 or the McDSP ML4000 (which can be super aggressive if need be). I'm amazed that no one has mentioned that there are 'two' types of L3. Full-band / 2. Everyone seems to be comparing the L2 Mono band (only type) to the L3 multi-band. These are two completely different 'mastering' tools. The L3 - mono-band, also has a number of different / tone/ curves. 'Extreme analog', etc. Have any of you tried these various [Profiles]? They each do sound quite different! The L2 had none of these profiles.I think the above is wrong. The L3 'ultra' version is not actually a single band processor. It's the same multi-band engine as the 'multi' version but without all the controls. They did this to provide the same interface that L1 and L2 users are used to but it's the same algorithm as the multi version. Well sorry all. I do stand to be corrected. If I had read the PDF manual, I would have seen on page 4 of the manual, that the simple L3 window with 'profiles', is just the folded down multi-band with 'pre-sets'. I had been using the [Extreme Analog] preset, for my noisy rok mixes. It just seemed to balance best with the modern, b___s to the wall, CD's. I've been around long enough, NOT TO LIKE DOING this. But what are you to do until the big ME & mastering houses, stop the madness! Listened to 'Misty Mountain Hop' (Zep) on the radio yesterday, right after that was 'Know your Enemy'. Other than 'Know. Was a bit sparklier, it sounded quieter, round and lumpy compared to Misty. A wall of guitars just really doesn't make things sound louder. Mastered with L3 - It seems to match the modern world? You could even skip the L2. If it sounds as you would like it, why process further? GRSorry, because I wish to make the RMS somewhere between -10 and -11 average and the mixes are circa -16. They sound OK to me and I just need to reduce the dynamic range for use as backing in my live show. Just that most of what Mr Google has pointed me to on this subject seems to have the MB in there first but no one says why or what it does. I understand what a basic compressor does but the last time I used one it had Drawmer written on the front and a mere handfull of parameters to play with. I am asking here because I need to understand the easiest and best way to achieve what I believe is a simple objective, and I need the know how, like, yesterday. Most manuals are not written particularly lucidly for the new layperson and sometimes experts can be condescending, but I think that they forget that once upon a time we were all newcomers. Question: If you have a mix that sounds as you would like, can you process it solely through the abovementioned L2 to achieve an acceptable final master? Or is it always necessary to precursor this with another compressor first?? This follows on from my last thread on LinMB settings etc. Thank you, Axxe I guess it depends on what sounds best. I've used the L2 before, but I've always though the sound as a bit weird. I really don't like how they squash the final mix. I'd probably use it more for individual tracks more than I would for the bus. For ITB mastering I use the Slate Digital FG-X and get acceptable results. It also has a front end comp that I use from time to time. MUCH better results than just a L2 slapped on the mix buss. Over all, I haven't found anything from Waves I like to use for mastering besides the Linear phase EQ (sometimes) and the PAZ analyzer to check imagining and FR. I guess it depends on what sounds best. I've used the L2 before, but I've always though the sound as a bit weird. I really don't like how they squash the final mix. I'd probably use it more for individual tracks more than I would for the bus. For ITB mastering I use the Slate Digital FG-X and get acceptable results. It also has a front end comp that I use from time to time. MUCH better results than just a L2 slapped on the mix buss. Over all, I haven't found anything from Waves I like to use for mastering besides the Linear phase EQ (sometimes) and the PAZ analyzer to check imagining and FR.Thank you for the reply Jay. Unfortunately, Waves is all I posess and I don't have the financial wherewithall to buy anything else. So, I guess that I am stuck with it and have to make do, as they say. Because it is only being used in live applications through a PA, the sound is not as important as say a CD or Hi-Fi environment. That said it still needs to sound right and be consistent from track to track. No time for knob and fader fiddling. Sorry, because I wish to make the RMS somewhere between -10 and -11 average and the mixes are circa -16. They sound OK to me and I just need to reduce the dynamic range for use as backing in my live show.For live performance, you may not want to make them less dynamic. Squashing them may ruin the illusion since they won't match the live audio. The level of playback is completely within the control of the house mixer. No need to play the loudness game. Use a compressor for the live show if you feel you need it there. Every venue will be different. You can't know the needs of a particular event from the vantage point of your studio. Google is a valuable resource in may ways, he tends to know very little about how these sorts of things are actually done professionally. Multi-band compression is more like a plunger than a pipe wrench. Use it to fix a crappy mix rather than to enhance a good one. Some of the best compressors only have four or five knobs. Complexity is not necessary a sign of quality or utility. For live performance, you may not want to make them less dynamic. Squashing them may ruin the illusion since they won't match the live audio. The level of playback is completely within the control of the house mixer. No need to play the loudness game. Use a compressor for the live show if you feel you need it there. Every venue will be different. You can't know the needs of a particular event from the vantage point of your studio. Google is a valuable resource in may ways, he tends to know very little about how these sorts of things are actually done professionally. Multi-band compression is more like a plunger than a pipe wrench. Use it to fix a crappy mix rather than to enhance a good one. A good compressor only needs four or five knobs. Complexity is not necessary a sign of quality or utility. GRNice reply Sir. Unfortunately I am a solo act and have no additional hands so the set up has to be pretty much hands free. I have tried limiting some tracks to an ave RMS of -12, but where the track dropped away in softer passages, I struggled to hear it, and stay synchronised, hence why I am going to remove another 2 dB. So basically, the whole program has to run with the minimum of intervention during sets. Thank you for the reply Jay. Unfortunately, Waves is all I posess and I don't have the financial wherewithall to buy anything else. So, I guess that I am stuck with it and have to make do, as they say. Because it is only being used in live applications through a PA, the sound is not as important as say a CD or Hi-Fi environment. That said it still needs to sound right and be consistent from track to track. No time for knob and fader fiddling. Axxe You can find a FG-X license in the classifieds for 150-200 bucks. But if that's a stretch, then you work with that you have I suppose. I have used both L2 and Ozone and neither one (used alone) comes close to sounding like a commercial CD. The reason is that there isn't a piece of equipment that's going to make you sound as hot as the majors. I still like the L2. It's easy to use. Just slap it on and you're finished. Ozone is great and all, but there are times when I feel that it changes the sound of the mix too much. And all of the bells and whistles are pretty useless in my opinion. I use them both. Ozone is better when it comes to preserving drum transients and it has a far more adjustable ARC, but the L2 is still a fine limiter. My biggest problem with it is that it doesn't limit intersample peaks like Ozone does. Oh yeah, and Megabit+ is a far better dither than IDR. If any limiter is pushed too much it will change the sound. If a limiter is turned on and limiting each and every peak extremely, then you are not going to have a very transparent master. The difference between the L2 and Ozone is that Ozone lets you have more control over the way that the limiter effects the peaks. You can have clipping, pumping, or whatever you desire. Ultimately, the best way to use a limiter is in moderation. There is a lot of advice to digest here. Can anyone quantify why the L2 or L3 is better rather than just saying 'It is'? (Cellotron, Mara*** and Steab) @ cheebs - no can do as I work in stereo but I take your point. AxxeThe L3 puts the audio through a set of 5 crossovers - all of which can potentially degrade the sound of the track and also can potentially change the balance of the mix - and contains numerous parameter controls which are fairly complex and interactive with each other - so I find it's just as easy to spend tons of time with it to dial in a poor sound rather than a better one. The L2 is a much more straight forward broad band limiter - which while you really can't push for much gain reduction at least does it's job in a predictable and easily controllable manner. Again - I'm an owner of the Waves L3 (along with some half dozen other mastering limiters) - and the last time I used it on a master was some 4 years ago - as it simply doesn't sound as good to my ear as my other options. Best regards, Steve Berson. The L3 puts the audio through a set of 5 crossovers - all of which can potentially degrade the sound of the track and also can potentially change the balance of the mix - and contains numerous parameter controls which are fairly complex and interactive with each other - so I find it's just as easy to spend tons of time with it to dial in a poor sound rather than a better one. The L2 is a much more straight forward broad band limiter - which while you really can't push for much gain reduction at least does it's job in a predictable and easily controllable manner. Again - I'm an owner of the Waves L3 (along with some half dozen other mastering limiters) - and the last time I used it on a master was some 4 years ago - as it simply doesn't sound as good to my ear as my other options. Best regards, Steve BersonSteve, is the L3 really the L2 and the LinMB 'glued' together'? Initially I ran half a dozen mixes through the L3 set to the CD Master preset (thresh -5 and ceiling.2) and they seemed fine but remember, I'm a midi man trying to crashcourse this digi audio. I didn't mess with any of the crossover data at all. I didn't notice anything appreciably 'bad'. The waveforms got louder and I thought that I was somewhere near my objective. I have since road tested these 'masters' and they nearly do the job. Hence why I want to limit it a tiny bit more. Maybe -11 (ave RMS) might be OK rather than going down to -10. I guess I am searching for the ideal middle ground. Consistency, warmth with some aggression and not a total ebsence of dynamic, so a DR of 9 or 10. I hope that makes some sense. Would have thought that there would be some custom presets written by good guys like yourselves given the vast hands on experience. If there is a genuinely better tool, then please point me there and I'll beg, borrow or steal the money to get it!! I'm not sure that being hot as the majors is really a good idea, if anything more ME's need the courage to produce more musically dynamic material. I have been listening to and studying Steely Dan's Pretzel Logic, Aja, Royal Scam, and Gaucho. Along with Bowie's Let's Dance and Michael Jackson's Thriller, I have gotten an understanding of how much depth our current releases are missing. It is really sad that we spend thousands and thousands only to compete with some ear grating nonsense hell bent on sounding loud at soft volumes. Ozone and L2 are fine in small doses. Let's all revolt against the current 'i' generation and get back to making good music. Start by having the nerve to send out masters that don't fatigue your ears. Are we working for the bubblegum corporations or are we trying to make audiophile presentations? I mean take any cd that was originally released in the 90's like the cure's faith, the remaster is hard sounding and lacks the depth. If it ain't broke don't fix it just to make it louder. Our ears need a break. Steve, is the L3 really the L2 and the LinMB 'glued' together'?I don't know the exact internals of it's algorithm and how much code it shares with those two predecessors - but it's a multiband limiter with the ability to change release, gain, limiting 'color' and crossover frequency for each of its bands - plus general controls over all the bands- so it does give you the ability to endlessly tweak things until you have either gotten back to the point you started from or have indeed wrecked the audio. Cellotron, you obviously aren't aware of the L3 Ultramaximizer which is something like an updated L2. A s I said, go with slate of ozone if you can afford it, if not, L3 will do the job better than L2. Im terms of loudness and distortion. In light of your signature, I'd advise to re-investigate the generalized claim that older algorithms must somehow necessarily be worse than new ones. A more complicated algorithm must not necessarily result in results more pleasing to (subjective) taste. To axxeman: The L3 is not merely an updated version of the L2 but a quite different processor. The main difference is that the L3 relies on multiband limiting, which may or may not work better with any given material. Personally, I'd use the L3 over the L2 (if those were my two options) only if the material has specific qualities that might benefit from frequency-specific limiting. If the material has strong dynamic frequency build ups that one wants to control - and that stand in the way of a louder master. If the mix is good and you're EQing it well, that may be quite rare. The L2 is a fairly soft limiter and won't get you very far when a very loud master is needed. Where the L2 will start to eat your drums and will go on to produce a grainy mush when pushed, the L3 will start to reshape transient response, will take focus off the dynamically featured elements and go on to produce a nervous and wobbly smush. Your ears will have to decide which one is the lesser evil on any given recording. If you don't have the option to try any other limiters (fabfilter, fg-x, ozone, elephant, sonnox all handle the drawbacks of limited dynamic range differently and offer different controls and ways to tweak the sound), consider that the L2 and the L3 have options which allow you to shape sound quite a bit (ARC on/off & release time on the L2; band splitting, priorities and release times on the L3) and that there are some free alternatives too (Gclip VST, for example, is a useful clipping tool and can produce good results if the material masks harmonic distortion well). In my experience, the key to minimal bothersome artifacts from 'making something loud' isn't so much acquisition of a particular processor, but rather extensive experience with the tools that one has available. I'm sure an experienced ME can produce a better sounding 'loud' master with nothing but an L2 than a novice with a large array of limiters. To get back to your original question, I'd say that for contemporary pop/rock/r&b/etc the L2 in ARC alone will likely not get you competitive levels too easily, so you may want to experiment using it in tandem with other techniques. Specific instructions can hardly be given since they are rarely applicable, but experimentation with different forms of dynamic manipulation will get you results. In light of your signature, I'd advise to re-investigate the generalized claim that older algorithms must somehow necessarily be worse than new ones. A more complicated algorithm must not necessarily result in results more pleasing to (subjective) taste. I never claimed that older algorithms must somehow necessarily be worse than new ones. However, algorithms and technology are progressing. I just stated the fact that newer limiters like fg-x kai ozone perform much better in terms of distortion, loudness and extra features. Of course, at this case, that kind of technology/coding wasn't possible 10 years ago. Is that clear? Hopefully I won't have to explain myself again. So, I'd advice you to read more carefully. Btw, as far as I know the L3 Ultramaximizer (not multimaximizer) doesn't use bands. And from my experience it impacts less distortion than the l2 when limiting. Axx, I recommend that you try some parallel compression. Try the RenCom if you have it. If not the C4 or LinMB. Very low ratio and very low threshold so that it is working all the time. No transition. Do your best to tune the comp side for minimal artefacts but don't be too fussy. You won't hear the problems when it is mixed with the non comp side. This will bring up the low level stuff, making your tracks denser, and thus they won't get lost in an noisy environment. By all means use the L2 as a finishing tool. If you don't hit it more the 3-4dB it does a fine job IMHO. I have moved on to the Xenon in general, but if something needed a little softening I would still go to the L2. I never claimed that older algorithms must somehow necessarily be worse than new ones. However, algorithms and technology are progressing.You seemed to making that assertion, drawing a causal connection between the L2 being older than the L3, and it (in your opinion) performing worse. But even if that was not meant to be a general statement, I think many people are making that generalization and are over-estimating the degree by which technology is / can be progressing in this function. So I believe it's worth pointing out that the basic problem is a very simple one that hasn't changed; and that different solutions may or may not produce subjectively better results, but none of them solve or sidestep the problem through some new, advanced space age technology. I just stated the fact that newer limiters like fg-x kai ozone perform much better in terms of distortion, loudness and extra features. Of course, at this case, that kind of technology/coding wasn't possible 10 years ago. That may be true in tendency, but it's not a fact. Perceived amount of distortion / undesirable change is a subjective thing. Newer limiters can't seek to produce less distortion (in absolute terms), only less distortion that bothers the listener. The difference between a few years ago and now isn't that the basic technology has massively developed or that 'that kind of technology/coding wasn't possible', but that developers have invested more resources into developing/tweaking intelligent algorithms to align with perception. For some material / tastes these more tuned / more complex acting algorithms will produce better results, but that's not at all a given, since they're all tailored to - and their effectiveness is judged by - subjective perception of variable/undefined input signals. It's worth noting that a large number of masters are made with no intelligent limiting at all, and that quite often, completely unintelligent / non-variable processes can sound better than intelligent ones. What is ExpressExpense.com? ExpressExpense lets you create receipts for any purpose: Replacing a receipt that has disappeared long ago, creating a new receipt to impress your friends or making a receipt for goods/services that you sell. 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We do not do any additional customization of our products beyond what is currently available on our site. ![]() ![]() Sorry, we cannot modify our products for you after purchase. Christopher Povey created fake parking tickets using his home computer A conman created fake parking tickets using his home computer - and slapped them on 150 cars in just two hours. Christopher Povey, an unemployed father-of-three, targeted cars on roads in Sale and Timperley, Greater Manchester, and then photographed them. The tickets demanded motorists pay a £60 fine or £35 within 10 days and told them to send a cheque to a PO Box address. Four drivers fell for the scam and sent cheques, but police were alerted by suspicious residents. Povey, 41, was today found guilty of fraud. Trafford magistrates’ court heard how Povey designed and printed the yellow tickets on his home computer before placing them in black waterproof wallets. The court was told Povey set up a company called Highways Safety Monitoring Partnership in May 2011 and each notice had a crest with the name on the top. He put the tickets on the cars between 8.30pm and 10.30pm on Monday, September 12. Police were contacted and the cheques intercepted before he was arrested. It was discovered Povey had set up a bank account, a PO Box address for HSMP and ordered ‘joke fake parking tickets’ and plastic wallets from a website. Representing himself at Trafford magistrates’ court, Povey said he wanted to take action against motorists after a near-miss with a mother and pushchair because cars were obstructing the pavement. Povey put the realistic looking tickets on 150 cars in just two hours in Sale and Timperley and then photographed them Povey claimed he wanted HSMP to work in partnership with the local authority. He told the court: 'I am financially stable, there is no reason I would want to commit any type of fraud.' The prosecution said only the council and police can issue parking notices in Trafford. District Judge Mark Hadfield found Povey guilty of four charges of fraud by false representation and he was given a 12-month conditional discharge and ordered to pay £775 costs and £10 compensation to a woman charged for cancelling a cheque. Judge Hadfield said: 'It seems to me your account has inherent weaknesses. You were doing what one would expect a traffic warden to do, affix parking tickets to vehicles and take photos of them obstructing the highway. 'You said you wanted to work with a local authority but made no effort to contact and work with them. You produced notices that gave the real impression they were official parking tickets. 'I accept your general concern for parking, but you acted in a dishonest way to obtain money from motor vehicle owners. 'There were no means by which you could return the cheques and that reinforces my view that you were acting in a dishonest manner.' 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You need to delete windows update of KB971033 for correctly working of Loader. Please adopt these measures to prevent any interruption. Windows 7 Loader Screenshots: Guide How to Use Windows 7 Loader by Daz 2.2.2:- • Disable any Firewall program you’ve installed. (important step) • Now Extract.Rar file in the folder. • Run the windows 7 Activator by day 2.2.2 Program. • Now follow instructions in the program. Finally, You are going to download. If Activator is not Working You Can Use These Activators! Learn the skills to be a System Administrator Learn a new skill online, on your own time. Get started today with video instruction from recognized industry experts. List of all Top Audio Sample Sites containing free downloadable and paid samples and acapellas in all formats (WAV, SF2, EXS and more.) from all genres! - - - Welcome! This is a community focused on learning and improvement. Explore the wealth of and elsewhere before asking for help, do your own research. If you're just getting started check out the Posting Rules READ THE BEFORE POSTING ANY THREADS!!! • NO ADVERTISING! ![]() Check out the for site-wide guidelines • No singles, beats or music videos outside of the weekly singles thread • No memes • No Follow Trains • Do not post your official site or Soundcloud • Do not post lyrics for feedback outside the DFT The recurring threads must be used when appropriate. This includes requests for collaboration or feedback (including lyrics), as well as requests and offers for any audio or graphic design services Use descriptive post titles Threads made for basic questions and done to death topics may be removed If you don't follow the guidelines your post may be removed and you might be temporarily or permanently banned Give your honest opinion about anything but disrespectful language or hatespeech will get you banned DO POST: • Questions Search first and keep basic stuff to the Basic Help and General Discussion thread. If your question fits in a recurring thread, use the appropriate thread before making a new thread • Discussions Join in live on for the small talk. • Tutorials and other resources Check out and contribute to the! • Albums, Mixtapes, EPs and beat tapes ( Active members only) You can become an active member by entering contests, or posting in feedback, discussion or help threads for at least a week. You must be currently active within a few weeks of posting projects. ![]() Projects cannot be older than 4 months. Please try not to post more than one project a month. Projects are best shared as text posts. Include some info! Concepts conveyed, credits, how long it has been in the works, etc.) Posting a beat tape as a link to one long track will get it flagged and removed by the automod (post as a text submission to avoid that). Name Date Uploaded File size Hits File Image 2014-05-25 79.66 KB 3429 2014-05-17 8.16 KB 1812 Version:SF2 2012-03-19 164.17 KB 4227 Version:1 2011-10-05 1.49 MB 6122 2011-08-16 2.12 MB 691 2011-05-08 4.1 MB 2204 2011-04-29 277.63 KB 2768 Version:1.0 2011-04-15 5.78 MB 2598 2011-01-17 416 B 2076 2011-01-10 1.7 MB 1004 2010-11-11 4.13 MB 3025 2010-10-07 5.82 MB 3070 2010-09-22 1.29 MB 609 2010-09-19 6.55 MB 2600 2010-09-17 18.78 MB 4221 2010-09-10 6.16 MB 1258 2010-09-10 2.3 MB 812 2010-05-02 1.19 MB 1191 2010-04-27 6.58 MB 1337 2010-04-27 1.42 MB 1365. |
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